Out of Box Feelings Never Again Meme

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 verse form by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration military camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The exact pregnant of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used as a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to preclude all forms of genocide. Information technology was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and it too appears on many Holocaust memorials. It has also been appropriated as a political slogan for other causes, from celebration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun control or ballgame rights, and as an injunction to fight confronting terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Class the Antinazifront! Call back the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"^[one]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.^{[2] [3]} The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out confronting Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than exist captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. Considered one of the nigh pregnant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada accomplished massive popularity amidst Zionists in the land of State of israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.^[iv] In postwar Israel, the beliefs of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:^{[two] [3]} the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.^[5]

Betwixt 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered most 6 1000000 Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust.^[6] The Nazi try to implement their concluding solution to the Jewish question took identify during World War II in Europe. The outset use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration army camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs.^{[7] [8]} Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction betwixt political prisoners, who invoked "never once more" as part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades equally the Holocaust was universalised.^[viii] According to the United Nations, the Universal Annunciation of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the aforementioned year.^{[9] [ten]} Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to remember a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".^[ii] The slogan "never once again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the terminate of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.^[xi]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)

According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Once more' would be an enormous task. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative grade every bit a spoken language human action, orders someone to resolve that something shall non happen for a 2d time. The someone, in the showtime instance, is a Jew; the something is usually called the Holocaust."^[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of retention" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy 5:xv, "And think that grand wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and past a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).^[12] It is too closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:9: "Y'all shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Egypt."^[13]

The initial meaning of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was item to the Jewish community merely the phrase's pregnant was afterward broadened to other genocides.^[13] Information technology is even so a affair of fence whether "Never once more" refers primarily to Jews ("Never over again can we let Jews to be victims of another Holocaust") or whether information technology has a universal meaning ("Never once more shall the earth allow genocide to take identify anywhere against any group"). However, most politicians employ it in the latter sense.^[7] The phrase is used ordinarily in postwar German politics, simply information technology has different meanings. According to one interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political thought and an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians fence that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German language identity should be built.^[14]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though often contempo humiliation, and an emphasis on erstwhile victimhood, tin pb to a communal desire for a testify of forcefulness that tin easily turn violent."^[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never once more" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to artillery that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.^{[11] [3] [16]} The Jewish Defense force League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and solitary widows: / Never once more will our people's blood be shed by water, / Never again will such things be heard in Judea." Afterward Kahane'due south death in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must ever exist remembered for the slogan 'Never Again,' which for and then many became the battle cry of post-Holocaust Jewry."^[11]

Contemporary usage [edit]

According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Once again.'"^[13] What this meant was that the Jews would non permit themselves to be victimized.^[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,^{[8] [2]} including memorials at Treblinka extermination military camp^[2] and Dachau concentration camp,^[18] as well as in celebration of the Rwanda genocide.^[19]

Information technology is in wide utilize past Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke information technology for a variety of purposes.^{[7] [19]} In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never once more' becomes more than a slogan: Information technology's a prayer, a promise, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, dark violence." The United states Holocaust Memorial Museum fabricated the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "warning signs" of genocide.^[eleven]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "one time powerful admonition [has] get a cliché" considering it is repeatedly used even equally genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to merely occur subsequently it is already over.^[7] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused.^[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never again merely "time and again" or "again and once more" after World State of war Ii.^{[9] [20] [21] [19] [7] [17]} In 2020, several critics of the Chinese government used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]} On one March 2022, subsequently the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center was hit past Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine'due south President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never once again" means not being silent most Russia's assailment, lest history echo itself.^[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. W. Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, accept promised that the Holocaust would not happen once again, and that action would be forthcoming to stop genocide.^{[19] [9] [xi]} Still, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter's example, Anfal genocide during Reagan'south presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda nether Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.^{[27] [ix]} Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "there would be no Cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."^[28] Totten argued that the phrase would just recover its gravitas if "no ane but those who are truly serious about preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.^[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentine republic, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in annual commemorations of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, to emphasize continued opposition to military coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to democracy and human rights.^{[29] [xxx]} "Never again" has also been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.^[11]

After the September eleven attacks, President George Due west. Bush declared that terrorism would be allowed to triumph "never over again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never again be allowed to apply our freedoms against united states." His words echoed a spoken communication that his father had given after winning the Gulf State of war: "never over again be held earnest to the darker side of human nature".^[31]

The phrase has been used past political advocacy groups Never Again Action, which opposes immigration detention in the United States, and by Never Again MSD, a group that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.^{[11] [32]}

Come across too [edit]

• Responsibility to protect
• The war to end state of war
• Never forget
• Lest we forget

References [edit]

1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Course the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Mail-Holocaust America. Harvard University Press. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved xix October 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Philologos (6 May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Once more"?". Mosaic Mag. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.
4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
5. ^ Feldman, Yael Southward. (2013). ""Not as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Retentiveness, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. xix (3): 139–169. doi:ten.2979/jewisocistud.19.three.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. S2CID 162015828.
6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Totten, Samuel (2016). "What About "Other" Genocides? An Educator's Dilemma or an Educator's Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Education: Central Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-1-317-64808-6. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Ability, Samantha (1998). "Never Once more: The Earth's About Unfullfilled Promise | The Globe's Well-nigh Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
10. ^ "Universal Annunciation". United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f 1000} "How the Holocaust motto Never Over again became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Again" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (two): 127–128. doi:x.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved six May 2020.
14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Deutschland and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. xx. ISBN978-ane-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Again". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Organized religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on ane February 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean Academy of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Club. Oxford University Printing, Us. p. 274. ISBN978-0-19-802104-9. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Retention in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers Academy Printing. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-1. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Retentivity and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ideals of Never Once more. Routledge. ISBN978-ane-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved seven May 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Catastrophe: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
20. ^ "Genocide: "Never once again" has become "time and once more"". Function of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. xviii September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
21. ^ McCallum, Luke (6 April 2019). "Publications". International Clan of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Age of Genocide." In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; yet since 1945 we accept seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name only a few.
22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (three December 2019). "Communist china Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on twenty Jan 2020. Retrieved iii February 2021.
23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (14 September 2020). "Europe said 'never again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on three March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 December 2020). ""Never Again" all over over again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved iii February 2021.
25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 Baronial 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Pregnant Of 'Never Once again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russian federation strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Mail . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on ten Jan 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
28. ^ Rieff, David (1 February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Establishment. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", united nations compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentine republic: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on eighteen December 2019. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-iv. Archived from the original on one February 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Again Activeness". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.

External links [edit]

warnerevered.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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